U47.org Forum: Analysis of the Most Complete Stone Minin

Active Topics

Memberlist

Help

The Cadet School
U47.org Forum :: The Cadet School

Topic: Analysis of the Most Complete Stone Minin

Author

Message

<< Prev Topic | Next Topic >>

PhillipOgle
Matrose
Matrose

Joined: 16 August 2022
Online Status: Offline
Posts: 5

Posted: 16 August 2022 at 04:33 \| IP Logged

Analysis of the Most Complete Stone Mining Technology and
Equipment in History _ Mine

Original Title Analysis of the Most Complete Stone Mining
Technology and Equipment in History The most complete
stone mining technology and equipment in history For your
reference This article is divided into four sections for
you to sort out The article is long so you can collect it
first Read patiently welcome to forward and share! [Types
and Elements of Stone Mines] [Deposit development and
development transportation method] [Mining process of
stone deposit] [Classification of Mining Methods for
Stone Mines] [Types and Elements of Stone Mines] I Types
of Stone Mines The types of stone mines
rock drilling
tools include open-pit mining and underground
mining Open-pit mining is divided into hillside open-pit
mining sunken open-pit mining and well mining Underground
mining is divided into cave mining and shaft mining 1
Open-pit mining A stone mine in which the overburden and
weathered layer on the surface of the stone ore body need
to be stripped before mining An open trench is dug from
the ground and a working face is created to extract the
block from the working face According to the topographic
conditions of deposit burial the mining above the lowest
level of stope surface is called hillside open-pit
mining; the mining below the lowest level of stope
surface is called depression open-pit mining Open-pit
mining on hillside Basically according to the principle
of top-down mining sequence Expand the full text Hillside
open-pit mine Open pit mining Basically according to the
principle of top-down mining sequence Sunken open-pit
mine Well-type mining In fact it is a special case of
open pit mining With the deepening of stone mining
operations many stone mines have
mining dth bit
gradually evolved from hillside open-pit type to
depression open-pit type and eventually to well mining
The depth of many well-type mines in foreign countries
exceeds 50 meters or even reaches 80 meters or more
Portuguese pink marble CARRARA Italy 2 Underground mining
Stone mines that need to be excavated from the surface to
reach the ore body can be divided into roadway (cave)
mining and chamber (roadway) mining Cave type Open-pit
mines with steep mountain shape large amount of stripping
and extremely dangerous mining operations such as some
marble mines in Baoxing County Sichuan Province; sunken
open-pit mines with inclined ore bodies with the increase
of mining depth need to strip a large thickness of
overburden such as white marble mines in Fangshan
Beijing; With the increase of mining depth the mining of
some well-type marble mines will not be able to continue
The cave mining method will make the mining operation
more practical The main mining process is similar to that
of the sunken open-pit mine but the difference is that a
rectangular channel development process is added before
the formal mining and a new free surface is developed on
the ore body with only one free surface 1997 CARRARA
Marble Mine-4 (Tunneling) Shaft type Use the roadways
left by other engineering transportation facilities or
mining projects to pass through the stone mines excavated
inside the roadways II Composition elements of open pit
1-Work platform 2-Safety Platform 3-Cleaning platform 4-
Transport channel α β-final slope angle GF-Lower final
line of open pit H-Final mining depth of open pit AB-
Upper final boundary line of open pit ABGHF-Final state
of open pit 1 Bench When stone is mined in the open pit
the ore body to be mined is usually divided into
horizontal layers with a certain thickness and mined
layer by layer from top to bottom When two or more
horizontal slices are mined at the same time a certain
advance distance shall be kept between the upper and
lower slices
dhd drill bit A
step shape is formed in the space during the mining
process and at the end of the mining process These step-
like working surfaces are called steps The bench is the
basic element of the stone open pit and also the unit of
the independent quarry operation 2 Working platform
horizontal part of each step 3 Safety platform the stope
boundary is reserved to ensure the safety of the lower
production platform and the stability of the slope
4 Cleaning platform one cleaning platform shall be set
every 2-3 safety platforms 5 Transportation channel
transportation road between the ground and each
horizontal layer [Deposit development and development
transportation method] I Deposit development
(transportation system) 1 Concept It is a transportation
channel connecting each working bench inside the mine to
the block yard or the external transportation system and
the waste rock yard and plays a role in preparing various
tunnel projects of new mining level in time Set up a
connection stone quarry Engineering of the transport
system of the yard and transport ground 。 2 Tasks (1)
The mined blocks are transported outward or sent to the
block yard (2) Transport the waste rocks and muck to the
waste rock yard (3) Transport tools materials equipment
and personnel into or out of the working face Straight
Ditch Road Transportation System of Blue Pearl Granite
Mine in Norway Larvik Mine Norway II Development of
transportation methods 1

Highway development and single automobile transportation
Applicable conditions simple terrain (few bends large
radius) small stope height difference large range
convenient for highway line development large block
specifications large transportation volume and small
highway capital construction quantities 2 Applicable
conditions for transportation and development of slope
winch Mines with complex terrain large elevation
difference (20º ~ 40º) small mining area hillside or
sunken mining area with difficulty in highway development
to transport blocks with small size and small amount of
waste rock and soil The slope hoist is generally located
outside the mining boundary In the stope the blocks need
to be loaded on the trolley by other means of
transportation 3 Applicable conditions for joint
development of fixed mast crane and truck transportation
Mines with large stope height difference small range
complex terrain difficult road development and less waste
rock and dregs The mast crane is usually located at the
edge of the stope The blocks outside the hoisting range
shall be transported to the hoisting range of the mast
crane by the traction winch or loader and then lifted to
the truck of the transport platform by the mast crane 4
Development of aerial ropeway transportation The rope
crane is used to complete the loading lifting
transportation and loading operations at one time
Applicable conditions stone mines with complex and steep
terrain large elevation difference deep valleys difficult
highway development large investment small scale and
small block size 5 Applicable conditions for open chute
transportation and development The terrain is complex the
elevation difference is large the slope is steep (greater
than 40º) and there is a shortage of capital construction
funds 6 Joint development [Mining process of stone
deposit] The mining process is divided into seven
processes Stripping — Separation — Top turning —
Segmentation — Shaping — Hoisting and transportation —
Slag removal and waste discharge 1 Stripping 1 Basic
concepts (1) Stripping range all parts within the mining
range that do not meet the processing and use
requirements; (2) External stripping the stripping of the
surface and surrounding parts of the mineable ore body
that do not meet the processing and use requirements
before the mining of the deposit so as to expose the
mineable parts; (3) Internal stripping the stripping of
the part inside the ore body that cannot become blocks
due to the existence of joints fissures and vein rocks
(4) Stripping ratio refers to the ratio of the amount of
earth and stone stripped to the volume of block mined (5)
Block rate the ratio of the volume of blocks mined within
a certain mining range to the volume of raw ore within
the range is called the block rate 2 Basic principle
simultaneous mining and stripping stripping first 3
Requirements The integrity and block formation of the ore
body shall not be affected Butterfly Green (XIII) II
Separation-the main process of stone mining 1 Concept
separate the strip-shaped block stone with a volume
several times that of the block from the ore body 2
Requirements (1) Do not damage the ore body and ore-take
protective measures (2) The specification size of the
strip block stone shall be equal to the integral multiple
of the specification size of the block plus the
processing amount required for dividing the block (3)
According to the natural conditions of the ore body make
full use of natural fissures and bedding (4) According to
the technical performance of the mining equipment give
full play to the role of the equipment improve efficiency
and reduce costs The width of the strip block stone is
generally the height of the mining bench and the length
is a part of the mining bench Three top turn over-fall
stone 1 Purpose It is convenient to divide into blocks
according to the required specifications 2 Method
traction winch loader top stone machine water pressure
package and air pressure package 3 Key points use
protective measures to prevent the stone from breaking
when it is overturned

The kerf width of diamond saw mining is only 12 mm When
all the stones are separated from the ore body it is very
difficult to move or overturn the stones weighing
hundreds of tons from the ore body directly through the
12 mm kerf At present domestic stone mines generally
adopt the method of drilling a 25 × 25 × 50cm stone
trough on the parent ore body and placing a hydraulic
stone jacking machine to separate the stone from the
displacement which destroys the integrity of the ore body
after the trough is drilled and affects the outturn rate
of the ore body behind New technology of air pressure
pushing bag The pneumatic pushing bag is inserted into
the 12 mm saw kerf formed by the beaded wire sawing and
the compressed air is used to inflate the bag so that the
bag expands to generate dozens of tons of thrust and the
lever principle is used to push the stone to move or turn
it over so that the stone can be disintegrated in the
subsequent process to produce blocks The bag body is made
of high-strength polymer rubber material and can be
repeatedly stretched and used Air pressure push bag (I)
Air pressure push bag (II) Air pressure push bag (III) 4
Partition Dividing the strip block stones into rough
blocks or blocks on the overturned strip block stones
according to the specification of the required blocks
Quarry stone a cuboid or cube with certain specifications
and no cracks which can meet the processing requirements
of decorative plates Rough block the shape basically
meets the specification requirements of the block but the
surface is uneven with a positive error of more than 3
and the block stone needs to be shaped Metering block the
actual metered volume of the block after inspection It is
the actual effective volume of the block after deducting
the excess volume caused by the size deviation Methods
Chiseling splitting sawing mechanical drilling and
cutting controlled blasting Five plastic surgery 1
Purpose Trim the rough blocks into blocks that meet the
requirements of specifications so as to reduce the
redundant workload in hoisting transportation and
processing and reduce the cost For example if the top
surface of granite blocks is shaped and leveled by a
fixed bead saw the total error of the flatness is within
2cm and the total error of the flatness only by manual
leveling is up to 10 cm and the time required for the saw
blade of a sand saw to complete the "cut-in" stage is
nearly doubled 2 Method wedging splitting and sawing
According to the shaping method the blocks are divided
into two categories a Saw face block (SS) All six sides
are blocks shaped by the sawing method b Split face block
(CS) Block with one or more sides shaped by chiseling 3
Shaping equipment Large diameter circular saw chain arm
shaping machine diamond band saw shaping machine bead saw
shaping VI Hoisting and transportation 1 Mast crane (mast
crane) Large lifting capacity wide service range strong
adaptability easy operation high equipment price large
installation or displacement workload slow lifting speed
The maximum lifting weight of 50 tons means that 18 cubic
meters of block can be lifted 2 Truck (wheeled) crane
Need to install fixed feet poor road adaptability large
tire loss small lifting capacity strong flexibility and
versatility 3 Crawler crane Can be directly hoisted does
not need to install fixed support legs and has strong
adaptability to roads large lifting capacity and strong
flexibility Crawler crane 4 Front end loader The
multipurpose mining equipment can be used for shoveling
stripping hoisting hauling cleaning working steps prying
stones and other operations 5 Crawler excavator

As above the front end is the loading device and the rear
end is the digging device 6 Gantry crane A crane of the
bridge type in which a horizontal bridge is set on two
legs to form a gantry Gantry crane 7 Cable crane A bridge
crane in which the trolley travels on a carrying rope 8
Traction winch (1) Mine multi-purpose equipment can be
used for ① Traction power of slope winch ② Pull the
blocks to the working range of the lifting equipment ③
Expanding joints and pouring stones ④ Power of lifting
equipment (2) Operation mode Various hauling operations
can be completed by configuring different pulleys VII
Slag removal and waste discharge Before the construction
of stone mines it is necessary to consider the
construction of a dregs yard with sufficient capacity
which is a necessary preparation for continued production
and safe production Attention should be paid to the
protection of resources the protection of the environment
the comprehensive utilization and the improvement of
efficiency According to the requirements of the Technical
Specification for Decorative Stone Open-pit Mines
Mining Drilling
Equipment the comprehensive recovery rate of
decorative stone mines should not be less than 50%
[Classification of Mining Methods for Stone Mines] I
Mining method Splitting blasting cutting burning etc II
Selection basis of mining method 1 Geological conditions
of the deposit joint occurrence development degree
orebody shape … The thick orebody is favorable for
mechanized mining and the thin orebody is suitable for
manual mining Chisel hole splitting method should be used
if the fissures and joints are developed and irregular 2
Rock type For example basalt and gabbro without quartz
can not be cut by flame and the compressive strength of
the rock is about 30 times of the tensile strength and 10
times of the shear strength The splitting wedge is used
to produce compressive tension on the rock to break the
rock which is especially suitable for deposits with
developed horizontal joints and fissures 3 Mine scale 4
Specifications of blocks required 5 Physical and
geographical conditions 6 Environmental protection
requirements 7 Technical and economic indicators 8 Output
efficiency and benefit Chisel split method I Splitting
mechanism and applicable conditions Mechanism 1 The
tensile strength of rock is relatively small 2 The
principle of "splitting" is applied to produce greater
tension on the rock and the rock breaks after being
stressed 3 When wedging the action time of the force is
short the speed is fast and the kinetic energy of the
wedge is large Applicable conditions 1 It is applicable
to rocks with nearly horizontal cracks 2 The tensile
strength of granite is less than that of marble so it is
more suitable for granite mining 3 Rock is an anisotropic
body with different tensile strengths in different
directions so the parameters of wedge holes are also
different in different directions 2 Artificial wedging
and splitting method 1 Types and structures of tools-
wedges A — Flat wedge; B — Pyramid wedge; C — Compound
wedge 2 Operation method hand-held rock drill For manual
wedging and splitting of shallow holes and deep holes
(rows of holes drilled on the splitting surface) the
spacing between rows of holes is related to the splitting
performance and the minimum spacing is only 10-15 cm 3
Advantages and disadvantages simple tool simple method
and low cost The labor intensity is high the efficiency
is low the squareness of the block is poor and the
shaping workload is large When mining granite it is
generally necessary to drill 10 meters of holes for each
cubic meter of total ore and rock According to the
calculation of 30% of the block rate it is necessary to
drill 30-40 meters of holes for each cubic meter of
finished block Shallow borehole artificial splitting
Disintegrating large granite material by artificial
splitting method Shaping granite blocks by artificial
splitting method Deep hole manual splitting mining
disintegration separation body III Splitting method of
hydraulic splitting machine The principle is the same as
that of manual splitting which usually refers to the use
of hydraulic splitters and deep-hole splitting for mining
Compared with the manual wedging method the method
ensures the consistency of hole arrangement and splitting
reduces the labor intensity and improves the efficiency
During operation a drill hole for placing the hydraulic
composite splitting wedge is drilled on a rock by a rock
drill according to the presplitting direction the
hydraulic composite splitting wedge is placed in the hole
the splitting wedge and a hydraulic pump station are
connected high-pressure oil is transmitted to a hydraulic
splitting head through an oil pipe the hydraulic
splitting wedge generates extrusion tension to two walls
in the hole under the action of the high-pressure oil and
the rock is broken after being stressed Borehole blasting
method Applicable conditions for all kinds of rocks with
few natural fissures separate large stones from rock mass
by slight blasting Classification of methods It can be
roughly divided into ordinary blasting conventional
controlled blasting and grooved controlled blasting

Advantages simple operation high efficiency strong
applicability and low cost Disadvantages poor squareness
low block rate reduced stone strength and many unsafe
factors I Ordinary blasting method 1 Agent black powder 2
Blasting parameters Hole diameter 30 ~ 40 mm Hole spacing
horizontal hole spacing 1 ~ 15m; Vertical pitch 08 ~ 12m
Hole depth horizontal hole depth 45 ~ 60% of separation
block width Vertical hole depth 60 ~ 80% of the height of
the separation block Charge 20 ~ 25% of hole depth
Detonation detonator or electric detonator Note Measures
to prevent excessive concentration of blasting force
Block charge and gun hole should not be packed too
tightly II Controlled blasting 1 Concept Controlled
blasting is a kind of precisely designed blasting with
different explosives and ignition methods which can not
only achieve the desired effect but also control the
hazards caused by blasting within the specified allowable
range This kind of blasting with dual control of blasting
effect and blasting hazards is called controlled blasting
2 Agent Black powder detonating cord No2 rock explosive
blasting tube metal incendiary agent static expansion
agent (1) Detonating cord It takes the single substance
high explosive RDX or TEK as the core and its external
image is the fuse slightly thin and the color is mostly
red The explosive charge of the detonating cord in China
is 12 ~ 14 G/m and the detonation velocity is 6500 ~ 6800
m/s It can be detonated by fire detonator or electric
detonator and the hole spacing is 20 ~ 40 The internal
drilling medium for placing the detonating cord can be
air or water Mining site by detonating cord controlled
blasting (2) Metal incendiary agent (high-energy
incendiary agent) The metal oxidant reacts with the metal
reducing agent to generate high-temperature expansion gas
and the rock is cracked under the combined action of the
expansion pressure and the thermal effect Such as 2Al +
3MnO2 = Al2O3 + 3Mn + 221 kcal (or + 952 × 105 J)
Commonly used oxidants MnO2 CuO Fe3O3 … Commonly used
reducing agents Al Mg Fe + Mg … (3) Static expansion
agent Calcium oxide inorganic salt and organic additives
and the tension generated by the volume expansion of the
reaction after adding water Such as CaO + H2O-Ca (OH) 2 +
155 kcal with volume expansion of 3 times the expansion
stress is about 30 ~ 50Mpa (the tensile strength of rock
is about 5 ~ 12MPa) Mechanical cutting method Concept
Separation of rock blocks or blocks directly from the
rock mass with the aid of mechanical equipment in
accordance with the required block specification The
invention has the advantages of no damage to the ore body
and the block flat cutting surface no need of shaping
high block rate large block size low labor intensity and
high production efficiency Advanced technology technology
and equipment Common equipment rock drill steel cable
stone sawing machine diamond wire saw chain saw disc saw
1 Steel cable stone sawing machine sawing method It
appeared at the end of the 19th century and was used for
marble mining with quartz sand as raw material It was
discontinued at the end of the 20th century II Diamond
wire saw cutting method 1 Equipment composition (1)
Driving device (2) Diamond rope (3) Working column and
guide wheel The steel wire rope is sealed by spring
injection molding rubber injection etc Fixed diamond bead
2 Working methods (1) Ring traction cutting method When
the ore body has two or more free surfaces a horizontal
hole and a vertical hole are drilled along the designed
sawing surface so that the two holes are connected and on
the same cutting surface (2) Rope pressing and cutting
method When the number of the free surfaces of the ore
body is less than two a hole is drilled on the working
face of the bench a rope pressing wheel is arranged on a
multi-purpose drilling machine or a cutting upright post
and is placed in the hole and a carborundum rope bypasses
the rope pressing wheel and forms a closed loop with a
driving wheel of a sawing machine to work

Diamond wire saw traction cutting Diamond wire saw
traction cutting 3 Applicable conditions of diamond wire
saw It can be used for full sawing and mining of marble
and granite or combined mining with other equipment; it
can also be used for stone processing and block shaping 4
Advantages and disadvantages The mining cost is high but
the sawing surface is flat the sawing area is large and
the block rate is high 4 Sawing method of arm-type stone
sawing machine According to the cutting tool it is
divided into 1) fixedly instal a hard alloy or diamond
segment cutting edge on a cutting arm transmission chain
to form a hard alloy cut chain or a diamond cutting
chain; 2) Polyurethane injection molded cutting tape with
diamond cutting segments The main body of the diamond
cutting belt is a rectangular diamond segment threaded on
six side-by-side stainless steel wire ropes for aviation
and the segments are all sealed by special polyurethane
injection molding BENETTI Italy JB-990 mining band saw
vertical cutting operation The vertical and horizontal
cutting of the ore body can be carried out and the
vertical and horizontal cutting positions can be quickly
and flexibly switched at the same installation position
It is suitable for the mining of soft stones such as
marble limestone and travertine with medium hardness At
present the maximum vertical cutting depth of large chain
arm saw can reach 8 meters the longest horizontal cutting
depth can reach 48 meters and the chain width is
generally 335 mm The maximum cutting depth of the mining
band saw can reach 48 meters and the width of the saw gap
is generally 38 mm At present the maximum vertical
cutting depth of the arm saw has reached 8 m and the
mining bench with a height of 8 m can be mined 5 Disc
stone sawing machine sawing method A saw blade with a
diameter of 42 m can be mined to a height of 19 m and the
main machine of the circular saw and the saw blade are
moved during mining The diameter of the saw blade used
for mining circular saw blade is 1600 4200 mm and it is
usually used in groups of 2 or 3 pieces If the cutting
depth is 125 m the combination of saw blades with
diameters of 16m 22m and 28m can be used; if the cutting
depth is 19 m the combination of saw blades with
diameters of 22m 3m and 42m can be used The final width
of the kerf is 15-20 mm Photo of vertical sawing by
double-blade mining circular saw with a diameter of 35m
Flame rock cutter cutting method I Cutting mechanism Use
the flame of the flame thrower to burn the rock to form a
cutting surface to divide the rock It can only be cut
vertically The loss of the cutting groove is large In the
case of three free surfaces two surfaces are generally
cut at most It is better to cut only one surface and the
other two surfaces are separated by blasting or wedge
method Due to the difference of thermal expansion
coefficients of different minerals in the rock quartz
changes from α-quartz to β-quartz at 573 ℃ and the
volume of quartz decreases resulting in disintegration II
Applicable conditions Vertical cutting of rocks with high
quartz content not horizontal cutting The higher the
quartz content is the higher the cutting efficiency is;
the lower the quartz content is the lower the cutting
efficiency is III Equipment composition Air compressor
oil supply system oxygen supply system flame thrower
Operation Drawing of Downward Trench Excavation by Flame
Cutting Machine IV Advantages and disadvantages High
efficiency (15 ~ 25 ㎡/H) flexibility large cutting depth
(up to 10 m) large cutting area smooth cutting surface
not affected by season and climate High noise (100 ~ 120
db) high dust high fuel consumption high cost (200 ~ 250
yuan/㎡) and high labor intensity so it must be combined
with other mining methods Flame cutting machine combined
with hand-held rock drill drilling row holes combined
with splitting mining method (referred to as burning rock
drilling mining method) is the traditional longest and
most widely used granite mining method Copyright notice
If it involves copyright issues please contact us to
delete it! Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor
wt-dthtools.com

If you wish to post a reply to this topic you must first login
If you are not already registered you must first register

Printable version

You cannot post new topics in this forum
You cannot reply to topics in this forum
You cannot delete your posts in this forum
You cannot edit your posts in this forum
You cannot create polls in this forum
You cannot vote in polls in this forum